KPV is a tripeptide composed of the amino acids lysine (K), proline (P), and valine (V). It is a naturally occurring fragment of the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which is involved in various physiological processes, including inflammation regulation, immune response, and pigmentation.

KPV is a short peptide with the sequence Lys-Pro-Val. It represents the C-terminal tripeptide of α-MSH. Due to its small size, it is often classified as a peptidomimetic, with high stability and bioactivity compared to larger peptides.

KPV exhibits anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. It is known to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6).

Unlike the full α-MSH peptide, KPV lacks melanogenic activity, meaning it does not induce melanin production or pigmentation. This selective functionality has made KPV particularly appealing in dermatological and gastrointestinal research.

KPV is believed to exert its effects through interactions with melanocortin receptors, particularly MC1R (melanocortin 1 receptor), though its precise mechanism is not fully understood. It may also function by modulating intracellular signaling pathways that regulate inflammation, such as the NF-κB pathway.

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